مشاوره پس از فقدان تروماتیک: تأثیر بر خودشفقتی، رشد پس از تروما و افسردگی در سوگواران شهر اصفهان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکترای مشاوره، گروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

3 استاد گروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

10.22067/tpccp.2024.84737.1576

چکیده

هدف: این پژوهش به بررسی اثربخشی بسته مشاوره فقدان تروماتیک بر خودشفقتی، رشد پس از تروما و افسردگی در سوگواران انجام شد.

روش‌: ایـن پژوهش از نوع آزمایشی بـا پیش آزمون و پس آزمون و پیگیری با گروه کنترل بـود. جامعه آماری شامل تمامی زنان و مردان سوگوار با تجربه فقدان تروماتیک در بازه‌ی 19 تا 40 سال در شهر اصفهان و سال 1401 بود. طبق ملاک های ورودی و تمایل افراد، تعداد 30 نفر به عنوان نمونه با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند که به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار گرفتند. بسته‌ی مشاوره تنها برای افراد گروه آزمایش در 6 مرحله و با تعداد 6 تا 10 جلسه حضوری تا 90 دقیقه اجرا شد و جهت رعایت اصول اخلاقی، در پایان پژوهش، جلسات برای گروه کنترل نیز انجام گرفت. برای جمع‌آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه‌های خودشفقتی ، رشد پس از تروما و افسردگی استفاده شد. داده‌های پژوهـش با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری‌های مکرر به وسیله نرم افزارSPSS 22 تجزیه و تحلیل شد.

یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معناداری در نمرات خودشفقتی، رشد پس از تروما و افسردگی بین گروه آزمایش و کنترل در مرحله پس آزمون وجود دارد (P<0/05) و بعد از یک ماه پیگیری نتایج نیز باقی مانده بود.

نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه بــه اثر معنادار بسته مشاوره فقدان تروماتیک برای افزایش خودشفقتی و رشد پس از تروما و کاهش افسردگی سوگواران میتوان این بسته را جهت تسهیل فرآیند سوگواری افراد استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Alonso-Llácer, L., Barreto Martín, P., Ramos-Campos, M., Mesa Gresa, P., Lacomba Trejo, L., & Pérez Marín, M. A. (2020). Mindfulness and grief: The maded program mindfulness for the acceptance of pain and emotions in grief. Psicooncologia, 17(1), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.5209/psic.68244
Asgari, Z., Naghavi, A., & Abedi, M. R. (2022). Grief interventions: A qualitative review of systematic reviews. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2022.2102304
Augustat, O. (2023). Finding meaning after prolonged trauma: Is the construct of post-traumatic growth relevant for survivors with elevated symptoms of complex posttraumatic stress disorder? North Texas Journal of Undergraduate Research, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.12794/journals.ntjur.v3i1.238
Azadi, Z. (2011). Comparing the effectiveness of rational-emotive-behavior therapy and solution-focused therapy for divorcing couples on reducing their marital problems and maladjustment Ferdowsi University of Mashhad].
Azim Oghlui Oskooi, P. B., farahbakhsh, k., & moradi, o. (2021). Effective fields the experience of mourning after the death of a family member: A phenomenological study. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 12(45), 117-160. https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2020.48664.2275
Beck, A. T. (1972). Measuring depression: The depression inventory. Recent advances in the psychobiology of the depressive illnesses, 299-302.
Benjet, C., Lépine, J.-P., Piazza, M., Shahly, V., Shalev, A., & Stein, D. J. (2018). Cross-national prevalence, distributions, and clusters of trauma exposure. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: Global perspectives from the WHO World Mental Health surveys, 43-71. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107445130.004
Bosco, C., Tattoli, L., Di Vella, G., Ventura, F., Verde, A., & Rocca, G. (2021). The mourning process and “living with the dead”: Two case reports and a review of the literature. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66(1), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14565
Breen, L. J., Greene, D., Rees, C. S., Black, A., Cawthorne, M., & Egan, S. J. (2023). A co-designed systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of grief interventions for anxiety and depression in young people. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.032
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2014). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In Handbook of posttraumatic growth (pp. 3-23). Routledge.
Christ, G. H., Kane, D., & Horsley, H. (2021). Grief after terrorism: Toward a family-focused intervention. In Grief and bereavement in contemporary society (pp. 203-221). Routledge.
Coles, R. (2021). The madness of grief: A memoir of love and loss. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Sense-making, grief, and the experience of violent loss: Toward a mediational model. Death studies, 30(5), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180600614351 (In Persian)
Djelantik, A. M. J., Robinaugh, D. J., Kleber, R. J., Smid, G. E., & Boelen, P. A. (2020). Symptomatology following loss and trauma: Latent class and network analyses of prolonged grief disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in a treatment‐seeking trauma‐exposed sample. Depression and Anxiety, 37(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22880
Faust, J. S., & Del Rio, C. (2020). Assessment of deaths from covid-19 and from seasonal influenza. JAMA internal medicine, 180(8), 1045-1046. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2306
Frumkin, M. R., Robinaugh, D. J., LeBlanc, N. J., Ahmad, Z., Bui, E., Nock, M. K., Simon, N. M., & McNally, R. J. (2021). The pain of grief: Exploring the concept of psychological pain and its relation to complicated grief, depression, and risk for suicide in bereaved adults. Journal of clinical psychology, 77(1), 254-267. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23024
Goveas, J. S., & Shear, M. K. (2020). Grief and the covid-19 pandemic in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(10), 1119-1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.021
Harris, D. (2021). Compassion-focused grief therapy. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 49(6), 780-790. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.1960948
Huggins, C., & Hinkson, G. (2022). Signs of traumatic grief, lack of justice, magnitude of loss, and signs of resilience following the homicidal loss of their adult child among caribbean black mothers. OMEGA-Journal of death and dying, 84(3), 914-934. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820921013
Jerome, H., Smith, K. V., Shaw, E. J., Szydlowski, S., Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Thompson, E. H. (2018). Effectiveness of a cancer bereavement therapeutic group. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 23(7), 574-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1518772
Johannsen, M., Damholdt, M., Zachariae, R., Lundorff, M., Farver-Vestergaard, I., & O'Connor, M. (2019). Psychological interventions for grief in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 253, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.065
Johnson, S. K., & Armour, M. P. (2016). Finding strength, comfort, and purpose in spirituality after homicide. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 277. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000090
Jordan, T. R., Wotring, A. J., McAfee, C. A., Polavarapu, M., Cegelka, D., Wagner-Greene, V. R., & Hamdan, Z. (2022). The covid-19 pandemic has changed dying and grief: Will there be a surge of complicated grief? Death studies, 46(1), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1929571
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., de Girolamo, G., Dinolova, R. V., & Ferry, F. (2017). Trauma and ptsd in the who world mental health surveys. European journal of psychotraumatology, 8(sup5), 1353383. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
Khursheed, M., & Shahnawaz, M. G. (2020). Trauma and post-traumatic growth: Spirituality and self-compassion as mediators among parents who lost their young children in a protracted conflict. Journal of religion and health, 59, 2623-2637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-00980-2
Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., Zachariae, R., Johannsen, M., Nielsen, L. D., & O'Connor, M. (2021). Co-occurrence of prolonged grief symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress in bereaved adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100140
Kozu, S., & Gibson, A. (2021). Psychological effects of natural disaster: Traumatic events and losses at different disaster stages. The Intersection of Trauma and Disaster Behavioral Health, 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51525-6_6
Kristiansen, C. B., Kjær, J. N., Hjorth, P., Andersen, K., & Prina, A. M. (2019). Prevalence of common mental disorders in widowhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 1016-1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.088
Laranjeira, C., Moura, D., Salci, M. A., Carreira, L., Covre, E., Jaques, A., Cuman, R. N., Marcon, S., & Querido, A. (2022). A scoping review of interventions for family bereavement care during the covid-19 pandemic. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050155
Lightfoot, S. L., & Oliver, J. (1985). The beck inventory: Psychometric properties in university students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(4), 434-436. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4904_12
Montague, K. T., Christensen, K., & Furr, S. (2020). Counselor preparation in crisis, trauma, grief, and neurocounseling. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 13(4), 1. https://repository.wcsu.edu/jcps/vol13/iss4/1?utm_source=repository.wcsu.edu%2Fjcps%2Fvol13%2Fiss4%2F1&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Mosher, P. J. (2018). Everywhere and nowhere: Grief in child and adolescent psychiatry and pediatric clinical populations. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 27(1), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.08.009
Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2013). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. Routledge.
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
Rahmani, N., & Mansouri, A. (2020). The effectiveness of mindfulness–based cognitive therapy on the rumination and posttraumatic growth in bereaved women. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 17(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.22070/cpap.2020.2880 (In Persian)
Rajabi, G. R. (2005). Psychometric properties of beck depression inventory short form items (bdi-13). https://jip.stb.iau.ir/article_512442.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Rheingold, A. A., Baddeley, J. L., Williams, J. L., Brown, C., Wallace, M. M., Correa, F., & Rynearson, E. K. (2015). Restorative retelling for violent death: An investigation of treatment effectiveness, influencing factors, and durability. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(6), 541-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2014.957602
Roepke, A. M., Tsukayama, E., Forgeard, M., Blackie, L., & Jayawickreme, E. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of secondstory, an intervention targeting posttraumatic growth, with bereaved adults. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 86(6), 518. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ccp0000307
Seyed Mahmoudi, S., Rahimi, K., & Mohammadi, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of post-traumatic growth questionnaire (ptgi). Psychological methods and models, 12(3), 93-108. https://jpmm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_294.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Shahbazi, M., Rajabi, G., Maghami, E., & Jelodari, A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the persian version of the self-compassion rating scale-revised. Psychological methods and models, 6(19), 31-46. https://jpmm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_849_3bbe0bb15fda37601e8a2f09c6da5cb7.pdf (In Persian)
Shear, M. K., Ghesquiere, A., & Glickman, K. (2013). Bereavement and complicated grief. Current psychiatry reports, 15, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0406-z
Siqveland, J., Hafstad, G. S., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2012). Posttraumatic growth in parents after a natural disaster. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17(6), 536-544. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.678778
Sperandio, K. R., Gutierrez, D., Kirk, M., Lopez, J., & Nathaniel Mason, W. (2022). Post-traumatic growth after the drug-related death of a loved one: Understanding the influence of self-compassion and hope. The Family Journal, 30(3), 390-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211052479
Tal, I., Mauro, C., Reynolds III, C. F., Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Lebowitz, B., Skritskaya, N., Wang, Y., Qiu, X., & Iglewicz, A. (2017). Complicated grief after suicide bereavement and other causes of death. Death studies, 41(5), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2016.1265028
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of traumatic stress, 9, 455-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
Tedeschi, R. G., & Moore, B. A. (2021). Posttraumatic growth as an integrative therapeutic philosophy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 31(2), 180. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000250
Tur, C., Campos, D., Herrero, R., Mor, S., López-Montoyo, A., Castilla, D., & Quero, S. (2021). Protocol: Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy (icbt) for adults with prolonged grief disorder (pgd): A study protocol for a randomized feasibility trial. BMJ open, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046477
Vara, H., & Thimm, J. C. (2020). Associations between self-compassion and complicated grief symptoms in bereaved individuals: An exploratory study. Nordic Psychology, 72(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2019.1684347
Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., & White, P. (2020). Grief during the covid-19 pandemic: Considerations for palliative care providers. Journal of pain and symptom management, 60(1), e70-e76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012
Winders, S. J., Murphy, O., Looney, K., & O'Reilly, G. (2020). Self‐compassion, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(3), 300-329. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2429
Wong, C. Yeung. Ncy (2017). Self-compassion and posttraumatic growth: Cognitive processes as mediators. In: Mindfulness.
Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. springer publishing Company.
CAPTCHA Image