The Effectiveness of Sand Play Therapy on the Reduction of the Behavioral Disorder in Pre-School Children 5 To 7 Years

Document Type : پژوهشی

Authors

• sumaye kahrizi
• Asiye moradi
• khodamorad momeni

razi university

10.22067/ijap.v5i1.29929

Abstract

The present study was conducted in order to survey the effectiveness of the sand play-therapy, on the behavioral disorders of the children in Kermanshah city.
The methodology used in this study is a semi-empirical method with pre-test and post-test with a control group, and its statistical method is a Multi-variant covariance statistical analysis. The statistical population of this study was the 5-7 year-old children in Kermanshah city with behavioral disorders and the selection method was a random method. At first from the three districts of Kermanshah, 6 kindergartens (2 kindergartens from each of the districts) were selected randomly. Fifty four children with behavioral disorders were identified. Then, according to the inclusion and exclusion conditions for the research, 30 children (10 girls and 20 boys) were selected as the sample group, and were placed in experimental and control groups randomly, with each of these groups having 15 members. The Rather Form Teacher Behavioral Disorder Questionnaires (1967) were answered by the teachers in pre-test and post-test steps and also one month after the completion of the intervention. The children in the experimental groups attended the sand play therapy sessions weekly for 10 sessions (45 minutes for each of the sessions).
The results revealed that, sand play therapy has a significant influence on decreasing the aggressive/hyper activity, anxiety/depression, social conflicts and lack of concentration on the children on the experimental group in comparison to the children in the control group; but it has no significant effect on the conduct disorder. This result was constant for one month. According to the obtained results, it can be said that sand play therapy can have effects on decreasing the behavioral disorders of children, and in this study we have focused on the necessity of using sand play therapy in order to decrease the behavioral disorders in the children having them

Keywords

• Children
• Behavioral disorder
• Sand play

---

References

Abdullahi Bqrabady, Q., Sharifi Pordaramadi, P& Dolatabadi, Sh. (2009). Impact of Sand play Therapy in reduction of Aggression in Students with Deafness. Journal of Psychological Studies, 1 (6). ( in Persian )Aadl, A. (1993). Influence of social skills training method to improve children's disruptive behavior disorder, MS Thesis, Institute of Psychiatry. ( in Persian )

Abolqasemi, A., Narimani, M & Kiyamaree, A. (2005). Prevalence and comorbidity of behavioral disorders in elementary school students and its relationship with academic achievement.Journal Science and Technology, 4 (3): 19-14. ( in Persian )

Alikhani, F. (1997). Comparison of behavioral disorders in children in an orphanage and Ghyrprvrshgahy in Tehran based on family type. Master's thesis. Islamic Azad university. Khorasgan. ( in Persian )

Allan, J., & Berry, P. (1987). Sandplay. Journal of the Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 21: 300-306.

Allan.J. & Brown.K. (1993). Jungian Play Therapy in Elementary Schools. Journal of the Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 28:30-42.

Amster, F. (1982). Differential uses of play in treatment of young children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,13, 62-68.

Babaei Kafaki, H., Hassanzadeh, R., Jadidi, M (2013). The Effectiveness of Gestalts Group Play-Therapy on the Improvement of Social Skills in Pre -School Children. International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research. 2 (4), 468-474.

Berger R, Tiry M. (2012). The enchanting forest and the healing sand ÇöNature therapy with people coping with psychiatric difficulties. Journal of the Arts in Psychotherapy; 39(5): 412-6.

Boik, B., & Goodwin, E. (2000). Sandplay therapy: A sept by step manual for Psychotherapists of diverse orientations. New York: Norton.

Botha. M. (2010). The use of sand play psychotherapy with an adolescent how has poor self- esteem. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. Magister educationis, in the department of educational psychology at the university of Pretoria.

Campbell, M. (2004). The Value of Sandplay as a Therapeutic Tool for School Guidance Counsellors. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 14(2):211-232.

Cao, H., Shan. W., Xu. Y., Xu. R (2013). Eastern sandplay as a safe container for a combined intervention for a child with Asperger syndrome: A case study. Journal of the Arts in Psychotherapy 40, 134- 142.

Cunningham. L. (1997). What is Sandplay Therapy? Journal of sandplay therapy, 6(1).

Eapen, V., Swadi, H., Sabri, S., Abou-saleh, M.(2007). childhood behavioural distorbance in a community sample in al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Journal of the Eastern Mediterranean Health: 7(3):428-434.

Ghobariye BONAB, B., Parand, A., Hosseinkhanzadeh Firoozjah, AA., Mouleli,G & Nemati, Sh. (2009). The prevalence of conduct disorder students Khanzadeh Fyrvzjah Hosseini, elementary Tehran. Research on Exceptional Children, 9 (3): 238-223. ( in Persian )

Hughes, F., C. (1999). Psychology of the game, children, play and grow. Translation Kamran Ganji (2009). Tehran: Publications Roshd. ( in Persian )

Kalff, D. M. (1980). A psychotherapeutic approach to the psyche – Sandplay. Boston: Sigo Press.(p:45-49).

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR. (2005).Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Journal of the Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62(6):593-602.

Mattson, DC., Veldorale-Brogan, A. (2010). Objectifying the sand tray: An initial example of three-dimensional art image analysis for assessment. Journal of The Arts in Psychotherapy; 37(2): 90-96.

Mehrabi, H, A. (2005). Prevalence of behavioral disorders in elementary school students. Education Organization in Isfahan province. ( in Persian )

Mehryar, King., Joseph, F. (1967). Diagnosis and treatment of mental illness in children. Tehran. Publications Roshd. ( in Persian )

Mi-yung, J., Kim, Y. (2012). The effect of group sandplay therapy on the social anxiety, oneliness and self- expression of migrant women in international marriages in South Korea. Journal of The Arts in Psychotherapy ؛39(1):38-41.

Moon, P. K. (2005). Sand Play Therapy With U.S. Soldiers Diagnosed With PTSD and Their Families. American counseling association. VISTAS online. 63-66.

Rutter M, A. (1967). children's behavior questionnaire. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry. 8: 1-11.

Rutter M, Graham P, Yule W (1970) A neuropsychiatric study in childhood. Clinics in developmental medicine. Heinemann, London. (pp;109).

Rutter M. (1997). Child psychiatric disorder. Measures, causal mechanisms, and interventions. Journal of Arch General Psychiatry. 54(9):785-9.

Rutter, M., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Using sex differences in psychopathology to study causal mechanisms: Unifying issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44: 1092–1115.

Rutter, M., Kreppner, J. M., & O’Connor, T. G. (2001). Specificity and heterogeneity in children’s responses to profound institutional privation. English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 97-103.

Rutter, M.A.. Tizard, J.. Yule, W.. Graham, P.. & Whitmore, K. (1976). Research report: lsle of wight studies. Journal of Psychological medicine. 6: 313-332.

Rutter, MA. (1985). Children s behavior questionnairecfor completion by teachers; Preliminary findings. Journal of Psychol Psychiatry; 8: 1-11.

Sausser, S., & Waller, H. (2006). A model for music therapy with student with emotional and behavioral disorder. Journal of The Art In Psychotherapy؛ 33:1-10.

Shokohiye yekta, M., Parand, A. (2005). Behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. Tehran: tayyb Publication. ( in Persian )

Smith, C. R., Katsiyannis, A., & Ryan, J. B. (2011). Challenges of serving students with emotional and behavioral disorders: Legal and policy considerations. Journal of Behavioral Disorders, 36(3), 185–194.

Sohrabi, F., Hasani, A. (2007). Parenting styles and anti-social behavior among adolescent girls. Journal of Psychology, 11 (1): 88-75. ( in Persian )

Sue Dawson, L. (2011). Single-Case Analysis of Sand Tray Therapy of Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescence. The Faculty of the graduate school of education and human development and columbian college of arts and sciences of the George Washington University.

Taklavi, S. (2011). Training mothers in play therapy and its effects on the behavior problems of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1 (1): 59-44. ( in Persian )

Thompson, Ch., Rudolph, L., Linda, B. (1996). Consultation with children. Translation Tahoriyan (2009). Tehran. Roshd Publication. ( in Persian )

Unnsteinsdottir, K. (2012). The influence of sandplay and imaginative storytelling on children's learning and emotional-behavioral development in an Icelandic primary school. Journal of The Arts in Psychotherapy؛ 39(4): 328-332.

Vinturella, L., & James, R. (1987). Sandplay: A therapeutic medium with children. Journal of Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 21, 229-236.

Wang Flahive, M. & Ray, D. (2007). Effect of group sand tray therapy with preadolescents. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 32, 362-382.

Wen, Z., Risheng,Z., Haslam. D., Zhiling.,J. (2011). The effects of restricted group sandplay therapy on interpersonal issues of college students in China. Journal of The Arts in Psychotherapy 38: 281- 289.

Wethinton, H.R., Hahn, R.A., Fugua-Whiteley, D.S., Sipe, T.A., Crosloy,A. E., Johnnson, R.L., Liberman, A.M., Mosci chi, E., Price, L.N.,Tuma, F.K., Halra,G., Chatto., Padhyay, S.K. (2008). The effectiveness of interventions to reduce psychology harm form traumatic events among child and adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,53(3), 287-373.

Wolfe, D A., Mash, E J (2006). Behavioral and emotional disorders in adolescents: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment ). The Guilford press. Library of congress cataloging-in-publication data, New York: London.

Yousefi, F. (1998). Standardization Rotter scale to assess behavioral and emotional problems of male and female primary school students in Shiraz. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences University, Shiraz, 13 (1): 192-172. ( in Persian )

Zeng, G. (2007). An exploratory investigation of the internalizing problem behavior among children from kindergarten to third grade. A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for PhD degree, University of Pennsylvania.