The Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy on Negative Problem Orientation and Emotion Processing Patterns in Female Heads of Household with Somatic Symptoms in Isfahan City

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Leila Rezaei Veshareh ¹

Fatemeh Izadi ²

¹ M.A.‌ Student, Department of Psychology, Kho.C‌, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Kho.C, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr, Iran

10.22067/tpccp.2025.90974.1724

Abstract

Introduction
Women who reside independently and assume responsibility for their own lives are designated as female heads of household in society (Tabrizikahuo et al., 2023). Female heads of household play a pivotal role in ensuring and maintaining their own health as well as the health of their families and communities. This is due to the fact that their health is considered a fundamental concept of socio-economic development and welfare (Parvizy et al., 2013). In a study, Sohrabi et al. posited that female heads of household experience a greater prevalence of physical symptoms in comparison to non-head women (Sohrabi et al., 2019). The findings of studies conducted on welfare clients have demonstrated that 45.7% of individuals exhibit mild levels of chronic pain, while 54.3% manifest moderate to severe levels of this condition (Baghbanzadeh & Safarzadeh, 2022). The manifestation of somtaic symptoms is typified by one or more chronic physical symptoms (e.g., physical pain or chronic headache, abdominal symptoms, and fatigue) that are either distressing or cause significant impairment in daily life (Maroti et al., 2021). Negative problem orientation, characterized by a perception of challenges as overwhelming and insurmountable, can lead to a sense of personal inadequacy. This mindset can also engender a perception of the problem as a threat, potentially exacerbating physical symptoms. Therefore, Interventions aimed at modifying this problem-oriented mindset have the potential to alleviate these symptoms (Sherafati et al., 2017). Concurrently, numerous studies have underscored the disruption of emotional systems in physical symptoms (Falahatdoost et al., 2020). Given the emotional nature of physical symptoms and the role of emotion in them, emotion-focused therapy has been used as an important protocol in the treatment of physical symptoms (Shahar, 2020). The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of emotion-focused therapy on negative problem orientation and emotion processing patterns in female heads of households with somatic symptoms in Isfahan.
Method
The present study was of a quasi-experimental nature, employing a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population encompassed all female heads of households exhibiting somatic symptoms, aged 33 to 61 years, residing in the urban and suburban areas of Isfahan, and beneficiaries of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, Region 2, Region 5, and Rah Zaendegi Clinic (Rose Sefid) of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Isfahan during the period from 2023 to 2024. The instruments utilized in this study encompassed the Criterion B Somatic Symptoms Scale (SSD-12) (Toussaint et al., 2016), the Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire (NPOQ) (Robichaud & Dugas, 2005), and the Emotional Processing Scale (Baker et al., 2010). In accordance with the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, 36 female heads of households with somatic symptoms in Isfahan were randomly selected and stratified into two experimental (18 people) and control groups (18 people). Initially, the aforementioned questionnaires were administered to both groups in a pretest configuration. Subsequently, the experimental group was administered a therapeutic intervention grounded in the emotion-focused approach (Lafrance, Robinson et al., 2014) over the course of eight weekly 90-minute sessions at the Relief Committee of the second district of Isfahan. In contrast, the control group did not receive any intervention. Following the implementation of the intervention in the experimental group, the instruments were utilized once more in both groups as a post-test, and the pre-test and post-test results of both groups were compared. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software and the analysis of covariance method.
Findings
The findings demonstrated that emotion-focused therapy diminished negative problem orientation (0.61), as well as emotion processing patterns (0.77) and its components (suppression [0.30], unpleasant emotional experience [0.62], unprocessed emotional symptoms [0.35], avoidance [0.16], and emotional control [0.12]) in the experimental group. These alterations were statistically significant (P<0.05). Consequently, emotion-focused therapy can serve as an intervention and treatment modality for reducing negative problem orientation, negative processing levels of emotion processing patterns, and its components in female heads of households experiencing somatic symptoms.
Discussion
The findings of the present study demonstrate the efficacy of emotion-focused therapy in reducing negative problem orientation among female heads of households afflicted with somatic symptoms in Isfahan city. This finding aligns with the results reported by Salmanizadeh & Sajjadian (2023), Ghobadi et al. (2017), Tajoddini et al. (2019), and Rodrigues (2016). Emotion-focused therapy, which utilizes and expands upon empathy-based techniques, the experiential focus technique, the unfolding thechnique, focusing on somatic sensation, and a process of naming emotions when confronted with a problematic situation, has been demonstrated to reduce negative problem orientation. In these therapeutic techniques, following the experience of corrective emotion, the meaning creation occurs, and the client creates a new meaning from that situation. These techniques have been demonstrated to facilitate a positive orientation shift among clients regarding their problem-related beliefs. It is recommended that this treatment be made available to female heads of households who are experiencing somatic symptoms in health centers, counseling centers, and psychological and therapeutic clinics by counselors affiliated with the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. These counselors will be responsible for providing individual and group counseling activities. This process enables individuals to generate a novel interpretation of their circumstances in the face of life challenges, as opposed to an emphasis on threats and helplessness. By adopting a positive attitude, they are able to address problems in a constructive manner, which in turn results in a reduction in somatic symptoms. Furthermore, the findings of the present study indicate that emotion-focused therapy is efficacious in altering emotion processing patterns and its components in female heads of households with somatic symptoms in Isfahan. These findings are consistent with the results of Shokrolahi et al. (2023), Artang & Izadi (2022), Zahrabnia et al. (2021), Rezaei Jamaloui & Kenizadeh Hasni (2021), and Falahatdoost et al. (2020). In this therapeutic modality, clients are first made aware of their tendency to suppress or prevent the expression of emotions. Through emotional processing, clients learn to regulate their emotions rather than avoiding them. It is posited that, given the salience of identifying and cognizant engagement with emotions, comprehensive and adequate emotional processing, and its impact on mitigating somatic symptoms, the core techniques and tenets of this therapeutic modality can be structured in the form of educational activities and workshops for individuals. Consequently, the provision of suitable treatment methods aimed at enhancing the capacity to effectively address problems, identify and process emotions, and regulate and be aware of emotions, as opposed to suppressing and avoiding them, is imperative. The present study was conducted with the objective of achieving this objective. In light of the findings from the present study, it can be acknowledged that emotion-focused therapy can be utilized as an effective intervention for the aforementioned components.

Keywords

Emotion-focused therapy

negative problem orientation

emotion processing patterns

female heads of household

somatic symptoms

Subjects

• Clinical psychology

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 Authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

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